How to Make Homemade Vinegar

You can make your own vinegar at home. Many people believe homemade vinegar tastes better than bottles from the store, plus you can customize the flavor with herbs and spices. What Is Vinegar? Vinegar is a product of the fermentation of alcohol by bacteria to produce acetic acid. The acetic acid is what gives vinegar its tangy flavor and also the ingredient that makes vinegar useful for household cleaning. Although you can use any alcohol for fermentation, you want to use ethanol to make vinegar you can drink and use in recipes. The ethanol can come from any number of sources, such as apple cider, wine, rice wine, fermented sugar cane, beer, honey and water, whiskey and water, or vegetable juice. Mother of Vinegar Vinegar can be produced slowly from fruit juice or fermented juice or quickly by adding a culture called Mother of Vinegar to alcoholic liquid. Mother of Vinegar is a slimy, harmless substance consisting mostly of acetic acid bacteria (Mycoderma aceti) and cellulose. You can purchase vinegar (e.g., unfiltered cider vinegar) that contains it if you want to make homemade vinegar very quickly. Otherwise, its easy to make vinegar more slowly without the culture. Any vinegar you make will contain Mother of Vinegar going forward and can be used to produce subsequent batches of vinegar more quickly. Slow Method Homemade Vinegar Recipe If youre starting from scratch and not using a culture to speed the fermentation of alcohol into vinegar, your best bet is to start with an ingredient that contains a low level of alcohol (no more than 5–10%) and no added sugar. Apple cider, wine, fermented fruit juice, or stale beer make a perfect starting material. Regarding cider, you can start with fresh apple cider or hard cider. Fresh cider takes a few weeks to convert to vinegar because it first ferments into hard cider before becoming vinegar. Pour the starting liquid into a glass or stoneware jar or bottle. If you are using glass, try to select a dark bottle. Fermentation occurs in the dark, so you either need a dark container or else need to keep the liquid in a dark place. The advantage of a clear bottle is that you can see what is happening when you check the vinegar, but you need to keep it darkened the rest of the time.The fermentation process requires air, yet you dont want insects and dust getting into your recipe. Cover the mouth of the bottle with a few layers of cheesecloth and secure them with a rubber band.Place the container in a dark, warm place. You want a temperature of 60-80 degrees Fahrenheit (15-27 degrees Celcius). Fermentation occurs more quickly at a warmer temperature. The length of time needed to convert the alcohol to acetic acid depends on the temperature, composition of the starting material, and availability of acetic acid bacteria. The slow process takes anywhere from three weeks to six months . Initially, the bacteria will cloud the liquid, eventually forming a gelatinous layer on the top of the starting material—thats the Mother of Vinegar.The bacteria need air to remain active, so its best to avoid disturbing or stirring the mixture. After 3-4 weeks, test a small amount of the liquid to see if it has converted to vinegar. First, smell the covered bottle. If the vinegar is ready, it should smell like strong vinegar. If the bottle passes this initial test, unwrap the cheesecloth, draw off a little liquid, and taste it. If the vinegar passes the taste test, its ready to be filtered and bottled. If you dont like the taste, replace the cheesecloth and allow the solution to sit longer. You can check it weekly or monthly if its not ready. Note: a bottle with a spigot at the bottom makes the taste test much easier since you can remove a little liquid without disturbing the Mother of Vinegar forming at the top of the container.Now youre ready to filter and bottle your ho memade vinegar. Filter the liquid through a coffee filter or cheesecloth. If you plan to make more vinegar, keep some of the slimy material on the filter. This new Mother of Vinegar can be used to speed the production of future batches. The liquid you collect is the vinegar.Since homemade vinegar typically contains a small amount of residual alcohol, you may wish to boil the liquid to drive off the alcohol. Also, boiling the vinegar kills any undesirable microorganisms. Its also perfectly acceptable to use the freshly filtered, unpasteurized vinegar. Unpasteurized vinegar will have a shorter shelf life and should be refrigerated.Unpasteurized (fresh) vinegar may be stored in sterilized, sealed jars in a refrigerator for a few months.To pasteurize vinegar, heat it to 170 degrees (77 degrees Celcius) and maintain the temperature for 10 minutes. This can be achieved easily in a crockpot if you dont want to babysit a pot on the stove and monitor its temperature. Pasteurized vinegar may be stored in sealed, sterilized containers for several months at room temperature. Fast Method Using Mother of Vinegar The fast method is much like the slow method, except you have a culture of bacteria to speed the process. Simply add some Mother of Vinegar to the jug or bottle with the fermented liquid. Proceed as before, and expect the vinegar to be ready in days to weeks. Vinegar With Herbs Before bottling your vinegar, you can add herbs and spices to add flavor and visual appeal. Add a packed cup of dry herbs to a pint of vinegar. Pour the herbs and vinegar into a clear bottle or jar. Cover the container and place it in a sunny window. Shake the bottle once a day. When the flavor is sufficiently strong, you can use the vinegar as it is or else strain it and place it into fresh bottles. Fresh ingredients, such as garlic, chives, and celery, may be used to flavor vinegar. Garlic cloves typically are too big to be fully preserved by the vinegar, so remove them after allowing 24 hours for it to flavor the vinegar. You can dry fresh herbs to add to vinegar. Dill, basil, tarragon, mint, and/or chives are popular choices. Rinse the herbs and hang them to dry or else place them on a sheet of waxed paper onto a cookie sheet to dry in the sun or a warm oven. Remove the herbs from heat once the leaves start to curl.

The Declaration Of The Rights Of Man And Citizen By...

We live in a world that is based around freedom and rights. As citizens, we expect to have a say in how we live everyday life, whether it involves employment, owning a house, or who we elect as president of the United States. Either way, our world is based around our natural rights. After the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was written, this caused a wave of revolution. This Declaration had an impact on populations such as Haiti, but also had a major impact on countless other slave populations. For the basis of slavery, we read through Abina and the Important men and saw how different characters in the story defined the term slavery. Another view came from a former slave Frederick Douglas who was a leading abolitionist. For†¦show more content†¦Even though there were a large number of African Americans on the plantation, the whites still owned them, being merchants, slave masters, etc. This land was a major target for sugar, everybody wanted this land. Following the revolution, the meaning of â€Å"rights† was different for the whites and blacks. As Strayer quotes on page 793 in the textbook, â€Å"To the slaves, the promise of the French Revolution was a personal freedom that challenged the entire slave labor system. Slaves burned 1,000 plantations and killed hundreds of whites.† As a part of the African American race, there was a former slave who led the blacks to a victory over the French rule. This former slaves name was Toussaint Louverture. Following the revolt, many British people realized that slavery was going against human rights. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen outlined the rights that humans were supposed to be given. Some of these rights included â€Å"natural rights, political and civic rights†, according to (Strayer, 812). So as a result of the revolt and abolition, people were now agreeing that slavery violated the African American human rights. In the story of Abina and the Important Men, we take a look at a West African woman who was enslaved and had brought her case to court with the Important Men. A majority of this story takes place in the court room, where Abina brings her former master to court. The beginning of this story takes

China Development Industrial Bank Free Essays

China Development Industrial Bank Integrated Case Risk and Return Assume that you recently graduated with a major in finance. You just landed a job as a financial planner with China Development Industrial bank (CDIB), a large financial services corporation. Your first assignment is to invest $100,000 for a client. We will write a custom essay sample on China Development Industrial Bank or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because the funds to be invested in a business at the end of 1 year, you have been instructed to plan a 1-year holding period. Further, your boss has restricted you to the investment alternatives in the following table, shown ith their probabilities and associated outcomes. RETURNS ON ALTERNATIVE INVESTMENTS ESTIMATED RATE OF RETURN State Of the Economy Probability T-bills High Tech Collections U. S. Rubber Market Portfolio 2-stock-portfolio Recession 0. 1 5. 5% -27. 0% 27% 6% -17% 0% Below Average 0. 2 5. 5% -7% 13% -14% -3% Average 0. 4 5. 5% 15% 0 3% 10% 7. 50% Above Average 0. 2 5. 5% 30% -11% 41% 25% Boom 0. 1 5. 5% 45% -21% 26% 38% 12% r(hat) – expected return 1. 00% 9. 80% 10. 50% ? (std deviation) 0. 0% 13. 20% 18. 80% 15. 20% 3. 40% CV 13. 20% 1. 90% 1. 4% 0. 50% beta -0. 87% 88. 00% CDIB’s economic forecasting staff has developed probability estimates for the state of the economy; and its security analysts have developed a sophisticated computer program, which as used to estimate the rate of return on each alternative under each state of the economy. High Tech Inc. is an electronics firm, collection Inc. collects past due debts, and U. S. Rubber manufactures tires and various other rubber and plastic products. a. (1)Why is the T-bill’s return independent of the state of the economy? Do T-bills promise a completely risk-free return? Explain. The estimated rate of return on T-bill which is 5. 5% does not depend on How to cite China Development Industrial Bank, Essay examples

Business Ethics Corporate Social Responsibility

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Ethicsfor Corporate Social Responsibility. Answer: Introduction Business ethics are considered as the essence of moral judgements regarding the justified conscience. The maintenance of the ethical business practices ensures benefits for bringing the more professionalism in a corporate setting. It is to be indicated that the ethical conduct is essential for building the strengthened public image of the organisations. The organisations require allocating the resources properly in order to conduct the effective business process. The business ethics is necessary for understanding the better allocation of the resources to maintain the professionalism. However, in this current world, the companies may lack the proper business ethics. Many of the larger enterprises lack of the sound corporate social responsibility, which may affect the business functionality and the future sustainability. McCorry (2011) explained that different organisations apply diversified codes of ethics for maintaining the professionalism. Moreover, in this current advanced world, it is important to undertake the relevant strategic decision for the organisational welfare. The maintenance of the proper business ethics provides the fruitful insights to understand what is right and what is wrong for the company. The study will also focus on the business ethics applied by New Belgium Brewing Company in Colorado. At the initial stage, the company was just a family owned business. It began with a bicycling trip through Belgium and distributed beers. The experimental business soon grew up to the well-established entity that ensures profitability. However, the business owners faced several environmental issues while applying the business ethics. The study will discuss those significant environmental issues that the company faces. This segment will provide the ideas of the probable approaches that can be undertaken for addressing such situational consequences. Accordingly, the idea about the corporate social responsibility will be initiated in this study. Environmental Issues and the Strategies Undertaken for Justified Approaches New Belgium Brewing has been frequently trying to minimise the business impact on the environment. In order to address the recognisable issues, NBB endowed the capital resources in a wind turbine and made the company as the first wind powered brewery all over the United States. Apart from such initiative, the company even utilised a steam condenser, which is helpful for reusing the hot water that requires for boiling hops and barley. The emission of the steam is then recycled to provide the heat the tiles and loading the docks in time of winter. Moreover, NBB started using the sun tubes that are useful for brewing the house with the solar light. In addition to this, the company has even undertaken the energy saving processes as well. The owner of the company tends to work in outdoor places that made the company undertaken such environmental welfare processes. Hence, it can be interpreted that the core values and major aim of the company is to establish an environmentally concerned br ewer. However, in order to execute such planning, the company has paid attention on following initiatives. NBB has concentrated on producing world-class quality beer. The innovations and improvisation in the technicalities are brought to the manufacturing house. NBB is also focusing on promoting the beer culture across the country. It is one of the most fruitful initiatives of the company to transcend the expectations of the customers. In order to maintain the environmental stewardship, NBB is minimising the resource consumptions and maximising the energy savings by recycling the utilised materials. The business role model has been focusing on the environmental, social, and cultural changes. In order to increase the potentiality, NBB has undertaken several learning and development process. Soon it started to pursuit the upcoming opportunities. NBB has been establishing the authentic communication, relationship, and the reliability among its customer base. The company has been even paying the attention towards the work-life balance of the associated employees. Reviewing such statements, the employees generated the sense of authentication and reliability among the customers. The customers will receive the proper opportunity to communicate transparently in order to express their needs and demands. Addressing the Environmental Issues If concentrated on the on the current marketing strategy undertaken by NBB, it has been seen that the company is mainly focusing on enhancing the product quality. Apart from increasing the quality parameter, NBB is also paying attention towards the brand promotional process. The major philosophy of the company is to provide the environment highly advanced technical industry in this globalised world. In such regards, the employee ownership program is also playing one of the significant roles. It strengthens the trustworthiness and ensures strong beliefs offered to the community. NBB has the string desire to create a fruitful living and learning community. NBB is much focused on reducing the effects on the environment and conducting the business without harming the planet. Therefore, it tends to utilise the cost-efficient energy saving process as the alternative solutions (Rupp et al. 2012). However, it is needless to mention that the company is much loyal towards the core business values and beliefs. Hence, the owner decided to invest on wind turbine, which is required for preparing the fully wind-powered brewery, which was launched for the first time in United States. Switching to the coal power, NBB could reduce the CO2 emissions by almost 1,800 metric tons in a year. In fact, the involvement of the steam condenser is also reusing the hot water. However, apart from all such initiatives, the most promising program undertaken by NBB was the recycling of the wastes. In order to bring much innovation in the product manufacturing process, the company has been using the wastages by recycling them to prepare new products. Starting from car dboard boxes, the company utilises office materials, amber glasses, and keg camps for the recycling process (Carroll and Buchholtz 2014). The brewery distributes the spent the hop grains and barley among the local farmers to feed their pigs. The employees are encouraged to reduce the air pollution by using the pollution free transportations. NBB rewards the employees by providing cruiser bikes as the incentives. It encourages the employees for ensuring the ride to work. It is important to mention that New Belgium is significantly participating on the green-building techniques. NBB associated many of the advanced technologies by expanding the facilities. During such journey, the associated people were able to generate much knowledge. In the year of 2002, NBB participated in two different organisational programmes. One is Energy and Environment Design for Existing Buildings programme and another is United States Green Building Councils Leadership. In order to conserve the existing resources, NBB has undertaken enormous initiatives. Starting from utilisation of the daylight, solar powers, and sun tubes, it ensures the use of the regenerated heat on the loop. The maintenance of the environmental stewardship is generally base d on three Rs, such as Reuse, Reduce, and Recycle. The recycling of the wastages is one of the most appreciable processes, which determines the organisational welfare (Martin and Johnson 2015). Hence, it can be interpreted that the company is paying the fruitful attention towards mitigating the negative impacts on the environment. Maintenance of the Social Responsibility helps in Achieving Competitive Advantage The globalised world has been introducing the advancements of the business processes and technicalities (Bundy, Shropshire and Buchholtz 2013). The organisations across the globe are also providing their best efforts to adopt such advanced level of techniques for managing the innovative business procedure. It is to be noted that such advancements in this business functionalities are inviting more competition in a significant manner. Different organisations structure their internal functionalities in order to adopt such current trends and achieve the competitive advantage. It enhances the scope of maintaining the organisational sustainability for a long run (Pandey, Rupp and Thornton 2013). Hence, it is important to follow up the effective corporate social responsibility at the first place. However, in case of NBB, it has been seen that the company has undertaken many of the initiatives that have been serving to participate in a competitive environment (Wells 2016). The review of the entire case study is indicating that the focus of the company on social responsibility is mainly signified for achieving the competitive advantage in this current business world. It is noted that NBB has become much attentive towards the utilisation of the environment friendly technologies. The company is even aware of the fact that the implementation of such technologies is much cost effective. However, if concentrated on the environmental benefits, it is seen that the impact of such advanced technologies on social welfare is much significant (Kolodinsky and Bierly 2013). However, the fact should not be ignored that the company started the business with just a bicycling trip through Belgium. Starting from a basement setup, the company started growing in a significant way. Focusing on such perspectives, it would be irrelevant to comment that the company is using the social responsibility as a weapon to achieve the competitive advantage. However, it still can be predicted that the use of the innovative functionalities are beneficial for the company to strengthen the competitive position. The company is even concerned about the cost effectiveness of the materials, which have been used in preparing the products. Therefore, the reuse and recycling process is adopted for minimising the investment costs (Bumblauskas 2015). It is needless to mention that the maintenance of the social welfare is much helpful for strengthening the organisational reputation. Similarly, NBB also utilised such opportunity in order to facilitate the future growth of the company. It is noted that the associated employees are encouraged to use pollution free vehicles for the transportation purposes. Using the sun heat and daylight is another source of saving the energy, which creates a significant impact on social environment (Grunde 2014). New Belgium has been maintaining the community bulletin to ensure the participation of the society in promoting their businesses. The community based board provides a diversified insight to the people associated with the community (Martinuzzi and Krumay 2013). In fact, the non-profit organisations can sometimes receive several benefits during the execution of such initiatives. While the society is availing many of the beneficial treatments from the company, it automatically creates the positive word of mouth. Another strategic movement of NBB is to provide the sponsors to many of the organisations for the promotional purposes. One of the major focuses on the social responsibility initiative undertaken by NBB is indicating the method of recycling the wastages. The wastages for the industrial business are much harmful for the environment. Even though people in the society are fond of using the innovative products for their sophisticated life, they are awfully affected by the wastages emitted from the industrial factories (Ferrell and Fraedrich 2015). In such regards, NBB used the innovative ideas to reducing such pollution in the environment. The company decided to recycle the products that have been emitted from the product manufacturing process. It is seen that the company had been benefitted from two different ways. Firstly, the company could minimise the environmental pollution, which served as the social responsibility. On the other hand, the company could reduce the material costs, which can be further invested for preparing or gathering more resources. Hence, it brought much profitability of the compa ny as well. The improvisation in different social functionalities is also taken into account as the proof of considering the initiatives undertaken for determining the achievement of the competitive advantages. Hence, it can be clearly stated that the company has undertaken the social responsibility in order to achieve the competitive advantage in this current world. Actions Undertaken by NBB for Maintaining Ethical and Social Responsibilities It is true that people often purchase the alcohols without being concerned about the manufacturers. The manufacturer of the alcoholic products needs to maintain the social responsibilities as well. However, in many times, it has been noted that the consumers behave in an irresponsible manner. If any alcohol manufacturer company promotes the safe drinking and eliminating the minors from consuming alcohol, it would be considered as the ethical practices. Similarly, while preparing the products, the company can maintain the ethical behaviour and consider the social stipulation, it will be taken as the ethically responsible entity. The companies, which do not maintain such social responsibilities while selling the alcohol products, are needed to be eliminated from the market. However, it should be applauded if any company is positively providing the efforts to determine the social responsibility. In fact, the rating of the ethical parameter of these companies should always be higher. It was notified that NBB has been promoting the ethical responsibility in a commendable manner considering every code of conducts. Each of the organisations tries to facilitate profits by applying different methods. In case of NBB, it was stated that the company has established a good organisational reputation in the market. The smart decision making process is much appreciable in such cases. In order to facilitate the ethical programme, the company has provided its best effort to make a choice for the public to drink responsibly. The contribution of the company to promote social ethics is genuinely remarkable. The initiative of promoting connoisseurship of beer has led towards designing the innovative worthy glass. The glass is painted by different colours and the shape is intending to retain the foam. The enhancement of the visual presentation by designing such glass decorations along with the attractive aroma was actually promoting the beer culture in the sophisticated society. Al ong with this, NBB has participated in support of culinary arts, like hosting the New Belgium Beer dinners. It even offers the complimentary drink as the culinary treat. In spite of undertaking many initiatives related to the promotions of beers and ethical responsibilities, the company is still left with several works to be done. The company needs to keep the frequent practices on promoting the social responsibilities by examining the functionalities, reviewing the performance parameter, and measuring the progress report. In addition to this, the regular feedback extracted from the customers is also necessary for the company to measure the success of maintaining social responsibilities (Ferrell and Fraedrich 2015). In spite of focusing on the positive sides, it is noted that the company requires improvising many other corporate ethics. It is important to mention that NBB was honoured with the regional Environment Achievement Award from Environmental Protection Agency. Coming the improvement part, it has been seen that the company is still need to produce the organic beer. It is previously mentioned that the company has undertaken the ethical functio nalities to recycle the wastes and reuse them for preparing the products (Stack, Gartland and Keane 2016). However, in this current era, the technicalities have become much advanced. Hence, NBB needs to focus on assimilating the ideas of preparing beer with low emission or emission free materials (Liss and Loomis 2013). Accordingly, the company needs to concentrate on the zero wastage of the products as well. It is true; the list of improvement is never ending. However, in order to overcome the challenges, the company has to undertake the different initiatives and frequent improvisation. Otherwise, it would be difficult enough for the company to survive in this huge competitive scenario. NBB needs to acknowledge the increasing level of the sales ratio much prominently. The maintenance of the authenticity to promote the brand among the human scale is also much necessary for business sustainability. It can be suggested that if NBB would be able to promote the human powered sports that may cause at least minimal damages to the environment, it would be effective for the business growth. However, in such cases, the company needs to pay closer attention towards the demographic segmentation of the customers (Stack, Gartland and Keane 2016). Apparently, it has been seen that children are much attracted towards such sports since drinking is legal to that age of the children. The consumption of the alcohol by the children is needed to be banned. The company has been trying to give back several effective facilities to the community that promotes the ethical responsibilities. However, reviewing the different initiatives undertaken by the company, it is clearly portrayed in this case study. It is noted that if the company can promote the campaign against excessive consumption of alcohol. The company mainly concentrated on promoting the social responsibilities in order to achieve the competitive advantage. Usually, the consumers prefer the good product or the services that is purchasable and higher in quality. Along with the effective quality parameter, if the customers receive the sense of authenticity, it becomes the driving force for the organisational success. The maintenance of the corporate social responsibility, higher quality, and customer stipulation is the key to achieve the competitive advantages. Hence, NBB is suggested to utilise the advanced technologies that can be used for offering the high quality products to the customers. Moreover, the maintenance of the effective corporate social responsibilities would also be beneficial for establishing the organisational reputation. Conclusion The study is focusing on the business ethical practices undertaken by New Belgium Brewing in Colorado. The current global market is much fascinated with the advancements of the technologies. It is noted that each of the organisations give their best effort to strengthen the organisational reputation in a competitive market. Therefore, it is important to recognise the justified process of promoting the corporate social responsibility. NBB has been maintaining the effective way of promoting the social responsibilities. The use of the waste materials is reducing the environmental pollution. Moreover, reusing the materials is also helpful for energy and resource conservation. Following the effective process of maintaining social responsibilities, the company will be able to achieve the competitive position. In fact, it is necessary to implement the proper strategy to facilitate the effective corporate social responsibilities. Another most important aspect is to determine the maintenance of the business ethics. NBB has provided the genuine efforts to promote the ethical business practices. The company was even applauded by presenting an honourable award. However, the frequent examining and continuous improvement would ensure the better ethical practices. References Bumblauskas, D.P., 2015. Sustainable Operations Management and Benchmarking in Brewing at New Belgium.Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship,27(1), p.155. Bundy, J., Shropshire, C. and Buchholtz, A.K., 2013. Strategic cognition and issue salience: Toward an explanation of firm responsiveness to stakeholder concerns.Academy of Management Review,38(3), pp.352-376. Carroll, A.B. and Buchholtz, A.K., 2014.Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education. Ferrell, O.C. and Fraedrich, J., 2015.Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Grunde, J., 2014.Craft Breweries and Sustainability: Challenges, Solutions, and Positive Impacts(Doctoral dissertation, Blekinge Institute of Technology). Kolodinsky, R.W. and Bierly, P.E., 2013. Understanding the elements and outcomes of executive wisdom: A strategic approach.Journal of Management Organization,19(01), pp.1-24. Liss, G. and Loomis, C.A., 2013. Zero Waste Communities.Zero Waste International Alliance. Martin, K.D. and Johnson, J.L., 2015. Marketing ethics and differentiation: implications for normalized deviance.Handbook on Ethics and Marketing, p.150. Martinuzzi, A. and Krumay, B., 2013. The good, the bad, and the successfulhow corporate social responsibility leads to competitive advantage and organizational transformation.Journal of change management,13(4), pp.424-443. McCorry, K.J., 2011. New Belgium Brewery.A Simple Path to Sustainability: Green Business Strategies for Small and Medium-sized Businesses: Green Business Strategies for Small and Medium-sized Businesses, p.137. Pandey, N., Rupp, D.E. and Thornton, M.A., 2013. The morality of corporate environmental sustainability: A psychological and philosophical perspective.Green organizations: Driving change with IO psychology, pp.69-92. Rupp, D.E., Ganapathi, J., Aguilera, R.V. and Williams, C.A., 2012. Employee reactions to corporate social responsibility: An organizational justice framework.Journal of organizational Behavior,27(4), pp.537-543. Stack, M., Gartland, M. and Keane, T., 2016. Path Dependency, Behavioral Lock-in and the International Market for Beer. InBrewing, Beer and Pubs(pp. 54-73). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Wells, P., 2016. Economies of Scale Versus Small Is Beautiful A Business Model Approach Based on Architecture, Principles and Components in the Beer Industry.Organization Environment,29(1), pp.36-52.